A Note on Links: When reading back posts, please be aware that links have a short half-life. You can find working links to all of the MHS resources on our Educator Resources Page.

Monday, June 1, 2026

Professional Development and Mentoring

 

Land, Leadership, and Legacy: George Washington and Montana Identity Teacher Institute

August 5 (Helena) OR August 7 (Billings)

At this FREE workshop, teachers will have the opportunity to hear from historical scholars about George Washington’s agricultural leadership, the 1880 visit by Chief Plenty Coups to Mount Vernon, and the modern-day connection to Montana’s apple orchards. Attendees will also have the opportunity to learn the importance of Indigenous perspectives in shaping regional identity and history. Educators will walk away with ready-to-use resources and insights to help students think critically about the connections between the land, leadership, and legacy of George Washington and make meaningful connections to Montana’s history and the present day. 

Attendees earn 6 OPI Renewal Units and MUST teach in a formal K-12 classroom or school setting.

Learn more and find link to register:

Building Wilderness Conservation Lesson Plans: A Weekend Workshop at Smoke’s Barn

Dates: September 12 & 13, 2026 (Saturday and Sunday) from 10am-4pm each day

Location: Smoke Elser’s Barn @ 3800 Rattlesnake Drive in Missoula, Montana

Cost: Free! A $500 reimbursement will be paid to each participant who completes the entire involvement experience after the final lesson plan is submitted to our Educational Administration at MCE. Lunch and snacks (Saturday and Sunday) and dinner Saturday will be provided. 

Renewal Units: 12

Hosted by Montana Conservation Elders and Teaching Primary Sources of the Library of Congress.

This weekend workshop brings together educators and leaders from Montana’s wilderness and conservation community (including author Rick Bass and legendary packer Smoke Elser) to collaboratively create high-quality, place-based lesson plans and classroom activities.

Selected participants will learn to access and use primary sources and educational materials from the previously created Montana Conservation Elders Educational Materials, Library of Congress, University of Montana Special Collections, Montana Historical Society, The National Archives, Arthur Carhart Foundation, and the Montana History Portal (which will offer a mini-workshop during the conference).

Qualified Applicants are: K–12 teachers, Tribal colleges, teacher preparation programs, Park Service educators, museum educators, and key stakeholders to work with noted experts to build lessons focused on wilderness conservation and Montana history.

Apply by June 10.

For more information contact Cheryl Hughes / cherylhug@gmail.com / 406-240-4380

Historical Thinking through Student-Driven Research

August 11-12, Great Falls College-MSU. FREE with TRAVEL STIPEND

Want to engage your class with student-driven research projects using primary sources? Want to promote more historical thinking and critical analysis? Join teachers from across the state as Lynne O’Hara, deputy director of education for National History Day and former Philadelphia public schools social studies teacher, teaches you how to facilitate student research, analyze sources, and think historically. Think of it as a two-day “doing history” bootcamp.

Eligible Applicants:

  • Teach 4th-12th grade in Montana
  • Can commit to teaching student-driven historical research projects using primary sources in the 2026-2056 school year
  • Can commit to attending BOTH days of the August 11-12 summer institute from 9 am to 4 pm at Great Falls College-MSU.

Successful Applicants will receive:

  • Meals during the workshop
  • Lodging
  • Travel stipends
  • 12 OPI renewal units

Learn more and find link to apply here.

MentorMT Is Hiring Mentors

MentorMT offers grade- and subject-aligned mentoring for new or underprepared rural teachers, helping them build effective pedagogy and content knowledge in their grade level and discipline. Over 100 K-12 teachers will be matched with mentors next year.

The ideal mentor is an active (or eligible retired) Montana K-12 teacher with:

  • expertise in content and pedagogy for your grade/subject
  • 5+ years of experience in teaching or special services
  • Experience with and empathy toward rural education (teachers, students, schools, communities, & resources)
  • Selection and matching criteria include subject-area and grade-band compatibility, geographic location, school type, and unique applicant skills and experiences

Does this describe you? Learn more and apply today!

APPLICATION DEADLINE: Friday, June 5, 2026.

And Speaking of Mentoring...

Don't forget to complete our year-end survey to share your favorite strategies and lessons with the Teaching Montana History community (and maybe win a prize.)  

Monday, May 25, 2026

Another Free PD

 Free registration is now open for the Smithsonian's 2026 National Education Summit.

This free in-person and online multi-day event will be held July 14–16, 2026.  It is designed to unite leading voices in education under the theme "Together We Thrive: Towards a More Perfect Union." Four session tracks will equip you with classroom-ready ideas as we prepare for the United States’ Semiquincentennial in 2026.

Sessions led by talented Smithsonian educators will explore relevant themes at the intersections of art, culture, history, and science, relating to four learning strands: 

  • Cultivating the Power of Dialogue
  • Designing STEAM Solutions for Civic Challenges
  • Leveraging the Arts as Civic Voice
  • Placing History in Context

A Professional Development Certificate of Achievement will be given to all attendees. (And if you send me yours, I'll get you certificate for an OPI Renewal Unit). 

P.S. If you haven't yet completed our year-end survey, please don't forget to do so! I rely on the Teaching Montana History community for ideas and inspiration, and the posts in which I compile your recommended lessons and strategies are my favorite to write and most of your favorites to read. Plus, you may win a prize.

Summer Listening Suggestions

 Thank you to those of you who have taken our end-of-the-year survey! There are still two prizes left to give out so if you haven't had a chance to tell us what you think of Teaching Montana History and to share your favorite lesson plan or teaching strategy, please do so through this link..

One of the questions we asked was what you'd like to see more of, and several of you said podcast recommendations. You are in luck!

Laura Dukart from Wibaux wrote in to recommend The Obit Project, "a story-driven podcast about the lives of real Montanans after they die."

Michelle Pearson, from Two Geeky Teachers, shared a list she created of dozens of recommended podcasts to help you become a better educator, from "10 Minute Teacher Podcast" to a long list of podcasts to use with students. You can find her entire list of recommended summer listening here.   

Both Michelle and Laura were responding to my call for recommendations. If you have book, podcast, or other recommendations for summer, please send them my way and I'll share them out! And meantime, don't forget to complete our end of the year survey!

P.S. If you are changing schools, please re-subscribe using your new address! We'd hate to lose touch.

 

Thursday, May 21, 2026

Happy 250 Birthday, USA

The Montana 250 Commission has been busy looking for ways to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the founding of the US including a lot of educational programming. They've funded the Civics Bee competitions, National History Day, prizes and teacher training, and traveling exhibits. They've also worked with OPI to sponsor the Seal of Civic Literacy and the Montana Challenge. If you teach middle school or high school and didn't have your students participate in any of these programs this year, consider them for next year!  

Seal of Civics Literacy and Montana Challenge

I especially want to draw your attention to the Seal of Civic Literacy and the Montana Challenge. 

The Seal of Civics Literacy is only open to high school students. 

To receive the Seal, students must

  • complete the OPI's version of the U.S. Naturalization (USCIS) test with a score of 80% or higher.
  • complete the required .5 credits of Civics courses during high school as approved by the Board of Public Education.
  • EITHER perform 40 hours of community service OR perform 20 hours of community service while also passing the Montana Challenge test created by the Montana Historical Society and the Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers.

This spring, 161 students took the naturalization test but only 62 were awarded the seal. I'd love to double this number in December, so start thinking about how to incorporate this into your government classes in the fall! (Find out more about the Seal of Civic Literacy--including links to study guides--here.)

The Montana Challenge is open to any student grades 6-12. It was the brainchild of the Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers, who wanted a test of Montana history, geography, and government knowledge modeled on the US citizenship test. This spring, 414 students took the Montana challenge and 128 passed, winning a $25 gift card from the Sons and Daughters. They have provided funds to purchase another 150 gift cards in December 2026 for students who pass the test. (If more than 150 kids pass, they will be distributed by random drawing.)  Put this on your calendar for fall semester as well (no gift cards in 2027!) Here's more information about the program. 

Represent Montana in Washington, DC

A big national initiative to recognize the anniversary is the Great American State Fair. Windfall is looking for people (especially teachers!) to staff the Montana Pavilion. They are paying $30/hour plus travel, accommodation, daily per diem, and transportation in/around DC are provided. 

They are hiring nine staff for each of the following date ranges:

  • Wave 1: Travel dates 6/23 and 6/30; booth dates 6/24-6/29 (6/24 will be on-site training)
  • Wave 2: Travel dates 6/29 and 7/6; booth dates 6/30-7/5
  • Wave 3: Travel dates 7/5 and 7/11; booth dates 7/6-7/10

Learn more and apply here.

Lesson Plans for the Anniversary

The Montana 250 Commission gathered a bunch of lesson plans to improve civics education and teach students about the history of the revolution, including this Montana Office of Public Instruction lesson plan, The Declaration of Independence and the "merciless Indian savages".  As you begin to plan for next year, check out their Civics Education Resources.

P.S. If you haven't completed the end of year survey, please do so! 

Monday, May 18, 2026

Summer Is Coming!

 

Thinking Ahead

If you are changing schools, please re-subscribe using your new address! We'd hate to lose touch.

Also, it's time for my annual end of year survey, where I ask teachers to share their favorite lesson or strategy. Participation has been down the last few years, and I think that's a shame because y'all do really cool stuff and other teachers should know about it. So--I hope you'll take a moment to share with us your favorite lesson plan, strategy or resources. Teacher recommended strategies, lesson plans, and other resources (whether created by MTHS or by someone else) are reliably readers' favorite posts to Teaching Montana History. I’d also appreciate your feedback on the services and resources MTHS.

Would you be willing to take an online survey? If so, click here. We'll be offering prizes to the 13th, 23rd, and 32nd person to submit a response, so there are lots of chances to win.

Summer Reading

Do you have any books to recommend to colleagues (on pedagogy, history, IEFA, or Montana)? Send them my way and I'll compile a list to share.

Student Opportunity

The National History Academy has need-based full and partial scholarships (including covering travel costs) for students interested in participating in "a unique pre-college program that inspires students to understand the foundations of American democracy and the responsibilities of citizenship through experiential learning."

"Based in Middleburg, Virginia near the nation's capital, the Academy uses the surrounding historic landscape as an outdoor classroom, immersing students in key moments of U.S. history where they unfolded. Through case studies of pivotal events and a parliamentary debate program that connects past to present, students develop a deeper, more active understanding of democracy. This summer, the four-week residential program will welcome 90 talented students from across the country from June 28 to July 24."

Interested students can apply through this link [nationalhistoryacademy.org]. You can also explore our website here. [nationalhistoryacademy.org] 

Monday, May 11, 2026

Create an ornament to be displayed in D.C. and/or learn more about Montana's Constitution

 

Sum Up Montana in a Christmas Tree Ornament

Looking for a fun end-of-the-year project? This year's National Christmas Tree is coming from US Forest Service Region 1, which included Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota, and the Forest Service is recruiting 10,000 hand-made ornaments to send to the capitol. Specifically, they are looking for: 

6,500 Small Ornaments for Indoor Trees

  • Must be 4-8 inches in size
  • Decorated front and back
  • Lightweight and colorful!
  • Express what makes Montana special (flora, fauna, state symbols, iconic landscapes, Indigenous nations, history relating to the forest or the theme "over the rivers and through the woods,” for example, Lewis and Clark expedition)

3,500 Small Ornaments for Outdoor Trees

  • Must be 9-12 inches in size
  • Decorated front and back
  • Lightweight, colorful and durable for outdoor weather conditions!
  • Express what makes Montana special (flora, fauna, state symbols, Indigenous nations, history, especially relating to the forest or relates to the theme “Over
    the rivers and through the woods”

50 Tree Skirts

  • Skirts should have a diameter of 5 to 8 feet
  • Slit needs to be included
  • Center hole must be 6 inches

Ornaments may NOT include names (including sports teams or school names), divisive or offensive content, or political or religious words or symbols.

Ornaments must be double-sided. Do not worry about stringing up the ornaments (the Capitol architect has a special wire for that), but feel free to punch a hole. 

You can find more details about the rules and some inspiration in this folder. Note that this material all refers to Idaho, because that's where it was created, but they want Montana contributions too!

Mail your ornaments to Liz Burke, 2880 Skyway Drive, Helena, MT, 59602 before July 31 and she will deliver them. 

Billings Workshop on Teaching Montana's Constitution, June 14-16, 2026

There is still space available for grades 6-12 teachers in Teaching Montana’s Constitution: A Summer Workshop for Educators. Educators attending this free workshop will be offered lodging, a travel stipend, and 12 OPI Renewal Units. Learn more at the Friends of the Montana Constitution website.

Monday, May 4, 2026

Scholarships to the Montana History Conference

 

Save the Date!

The 53rd Annual Montana History Conference, "Culture Keepers, Catalysts, and Cowboys: Exploring Billings and Eastern Montana" will be held September 24-26, 2026, at the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel in Billings.

Keynote speakers will include historian Paul Hedren, author of Sitting Bull's War: The Battle of Little Big Horn and the Fight for Buffalo and Freedom on the Plains; Crow Tribal Preservation Officer Aaron Brien, and first-person interpreter Mary Jane Bradbury as Evelyn Cameron.

Renewal units will be available for both the Thursday educator workshop and all conference sessions and tours. (Check here after July 1 for more details.) We hope you’ll consider attending!

As in past years, we will be offering travel scholarships for both teachers and college students.

About the Schedule

Thursday, September 25

Scholarship recipients will be required to attend a half-day educator workshop on Thursday led by Melissa Hibbard and focused on historical thinking skills. They will then have the opportunity to participate in a walking tour of Billings, a workshop on sugar beets in Montana, or a workshop on writing and publishing. 

A welcoming reception Thursday evening at the Billings Depot offers the opportunity to listen to western folk musicians John and Joanna Lowell and see two pop-up exhibits, one on historic maps and the other on “The Montana Tapestry: People and Places from 1776 to Today.” 

Friday, September 26    

Whereas the Thursday educator workshop includes a combination of content and teaching strategies, Friday focuses exclusively on content, with presentations on a range of Billings and Eastern Montana history topics, from two photographers who documented the Crow to the history of 4-H and early Yellowstone River Exploration. For those willing to miss sessions, there are also several tours offered on Friday, including architectural tours of Billings, a walk through Mountainview Cemetery, and a tour of two historic cemeteries.

Saturday, September 27 

Saturday morning brings more focus on content, including talks about the myth of Chinese tunnels, biographic warrior writing, ski-jumping and racing in Northeastern Montana, and more. An optional behind-the-scenes architectural tour of Billings' historic buildings closes out the conference on Saturday afternoon.  

About the Scholarships

Funded by the Dennis and Phyllis Washington Foundation, the scholarships consist of full conference registration plus up to $400 in travel/expense reimbursement. All teachers and students in Montana’s colleges and universities are eligible to apply (residents of Billings and the vicinity are eligible for the conference registration scholarship but not the travel reimbursement). We will also be offering scholarships to cover the registration fee for teachers who only wish to attend the Thursday workshop.

Teacher recipients of the full scholarship must attend the entire conference, including the half-day Thursday’s Educators Workshop and the Saturday sessions (afternoon tours are optional). Student recipients must commit to attending all day Friday and Saturday but are also welcome at Thursday workshops.

Preference will be given to

  • Billings area teachers
  • Teachers and students from Montana tribal colleges
  • Teachers from Montana's on-reservation schools
  • Students from Montana community colleges and four-year universities
  • Teachers from Montana's rural, under-served communities.

Applications are due by 11:59 p.m. June 14, 2026. Awards will be announced on Friday, June 26, 2026. Applying for a scholarship is quick and easy. Apply online.

Thursday, April 30, 2026

Montana Stories for Kids

 Allen M. Jones, Montana's current poet laureate, has a challenge for kids ages 7-12: Write a story that's less than 300 words based on an interview with a family member, then send it to him to read.

Because he's a writer, not a historian, he proposes that students write their stories in first person. He has great prompts: "Tell me about a problem you had when you were growing up or when you first moved to Montana." "Was there something you really wanted that you couldn't have?" "Did you ever do something that you shouldn't have, and then try to get out of trouble?"

Many of his questions focus on problems--to create a narrative arch. "What choices did you make that led you to having your problem?" "How did you finally manage to solve the problem?" 

Here's the flier he's created with sample questions and instructions. 

If you are intrigued by this assignment but want to focus on non-fiction, check out the user guide Oral History in the Classroom Mini Footlocker for inspiration. Or Unit 4, Part 3, Lesson 2 of Montana: A History of Our Home, which asks students to interview a family member about their immigration history. (See p. 217 of the teacher's guide or p. 30 of the PDF.)

Monday, April 27, 2026

Teaching with Cemeteries

Last week we hosted our final Social Studies Third Tuesday for the year. Three MTHS Teacher Leaders in History--Jodi Delaney (Helena, grades 4-5), April Wills (Culbertson, middle school), and Cynthia Wilondek (Bigfork, high school)--talked about cemetery projects they conduct with their students. It was fascinating and inspiring!

You can watch the recording here. (Please forgive the fact that I kept opening up different files during their presentation. I was trying to gather links to resources to share with participants in a follow up email and thought I could do it without disrupting the proceedings. I was wrong!)  

You can also view their slides, which starts with an overview of cemetery history, includes the importance of teaching students how to be in cemeteries respectfully, and ends with links to resources and sample assignments, including some that can be used for any topic, like this handy PERSIA activity that asks students to look at a topic from multiple contexts (Political, Economic, Religious, Social, Cultural, and Intellectual/Arts.) Cynthia also made a handy Google Slide deck for students to use to break down their PERSIA analysis.

Here are some resources their presentation made me think of, most of which aren't in their slide deck. (And this list is the reason the recording is messed up!)

  • Find a Grave. This actually is in Cynthia’s links, but I think it is important share it here anyway! For older students, adding information to this site (which could be as simple as pictures of headstones and inscriptions, but could also include obituaries and other information), would make a great project—and would be a genuine service to genealogists the world over.
  • Digitized Newspapers. Both Jodi and Cynthia talked about using Chronicling America to research individuals, which is a fabulous source. Another great source are the many Montana newspapers digitized outside of Chronicling America project that you can access through this link.
  • Jodi mentioned Chinese Tomb Sweeping ceremonies.
  • Cynthia talked about Sanborn Maps. You can find many of them on the Library of Congress website.
  • If your library (or classroom) doesn’t have a copy of Montana Chillers, by Ellen Baumler, you should order one!
  • Wibaux middle school teacher Laura Dukart also has a cemetery project, "In Memoriam. A Study of Our Local Cemetery." Here's a presentation she created for teachers interested in creating a similar project in their own communities.

One of the teachers attending this PD wrote afterwards, "I've never thought of a fieldtrip to a cemetery and now I'm not sure why I hadn't thought of it!" I hope more of you will consider a field trip to your local cemetery this spring. 

Thursday, April 23, 2026

Teaching Montana's Constitution: A Free Summer Educator Workshop

 Teaching Montana’s Constitution: A Summer Workshop for Educators will bring together Montana teachers for an in-person professional development opportunity focused on incorporating the story of Montana’s Constitution in their social studies, history, ELA, and/or government curriculum.

Fast Facts

  • Dates: June 14-16, 2026
  • Place: MSU Billings Campus
  • Renewal Units: 12
  • Cost: FREE! Lodging, two meals per day, and travel stipend provided
  • Target Audience: Middle and High School social studies and ELA teachers
  • Registration link: Register - Teaching Montana’s Constitution

Learn More

Organized by the Friends of the Montana Constitution, a statewide nonpartisan nonprofit, this workshop assembles constitutional experts, historians, retired public servants, and current educators to dive deep into the history of Montana’s unique 1972 Constitution and the people who wrote it. Teachers will leave the workshop not only with new materials and resources, but also with new strategies for incorporating Montana history and government into their classrooms in exciting and engaging ways.

  • Session Topics Include:
  • A primer on Montana’s Constitution
  • Stories of the delegates to the 1972 Constitutional Convention including C. Louise Cross
  • The role of judges
  • The history of MT in the 1960’s & 1970’s
  • Montana Constitutional Law
  • How Article X led to Indian Education for All
  • Understanding the initiative process and the role of the legislature, and more!

Presenters Include: Betsy Griffing, retired adjunct Professor of Montana Constitutional Law and Civil Rights Litigator; Pat Cotter, retired Montana Supreme Court Justice; Constance Van Kley, Assistant Professor with the Alexander Blewett III School of Law; Emily Cross, Billings Attorney and Granddaughter of constitutional convention delegate C. Louise Cross; Brad Faulhaber, Gov’t and Criminal Law Teacher with Sidney Public Schools; and Susan Fox, Retired Legislative Services Director.

Sponsors: This workshop is organized by the Friends of the Montana Constitution with support and funding from the Montana 250 Commission and the Montana Historical Society.

Questions?

Contact: Julia Gustafson, Coordinator, coordinator@montanaconstitution.org or 406-422-2920.

Monday, April 20, 2026

Purchasing Tribal Flag Sets and IEFA Courses

 I've had several teachers reach out to me to ask where they can buy a set of tribal nation flags like we have in our Montana First Peoples: Essential Understandings footlocker. I've found two sources: 

Tribal Nations Maps sell 4x6 inch tabletop flags for $10 each. They come with a base and stand. 

TME Flags also sells sets of the tribal flags and the Montana state flag with a wooden base to hold the complete set. Cost is $109 but if you order 12 or more sets there is a 15% discount. When I wrote them, the link they gave me was for their large flags, but you can simply use the contact form to order.  

 

MTPLC IEFA Courses

MTPLC has 40 Indian Education self-paced, online courses that can be taken for Renewal Units or UM course credits for an extra fee. All of these have fees attached, but they look great for folks looking to dive deep. 

Monday, April 13, 2026

Montana History and Poetry, Part 2

 April is National Poetry Month! Last week I focused on reading poetry. Below are a few lessons that ask students to write poetry as a way of better understanding Montana history. I'll list them in grade level order (elementary first).

Painting to Poetry

An Artist’s Journey: Transform a Painting into Poetry (designed for grades 1–7) asks students to examine several Charlie Russell paintings using their five senses, before choosing one painting to use as an inspiration for a poem. One good adaptation of this for younger grades: Have your students pretend to "step into the painting" by taking a giant step forward before imagining what sounds they hear, what they smell, etc. We designed this activity around Russell's artwork, but you could do this with other artwork or even an evocative photograph.

Biographical Poems

Biographical Poems Celebrating Amazing Montana Women Lesson Plan (designed for grades 4-6) asks students to research a Montana woman and then use the information they gather to create biographical poems. We included a variation of this lesson in Unit 4 of the Montana: A History of Our Home curriculum, in which we ask students to write poems about any notable Montanan. (See Unit 4, Part 4, p. 221 of the Teachers Guide or p. 34 of the online PDF). 

Found Poems

A few years back, retired Helena teacher Jim Schulz suggested having students write found poems as a way to get them to analyze and summarize information. He suggested giving students an analysis question and a relatively short section of their textbook and the assignment to answer the question by writing a poem using only phrases from that section of the textbook. The first part of this post is a sample assignment I created, having students write found poems about allotment using pages of our middle-school textbook Montana: Stories of the Land.

I've also talked to retired librarian Ruth Ferris about asking students to create found poems from historic newspaper articles or other primary sources. The glory of found poetry is that it forces students to read their source text more than once, so make sure the text you provide is worthy of re-reading. 

Dialogue Poems

Poems for Two Voices (designed for grades seven through twelve) asks students to work in pairs to create a poem for two voices, comparing and contrasting the tribal leaders' perspectives. This lesson focuses on analyze Plenty Coups and one by Sitting Bull, but you could use other figures, for example, a member of the radical Industrial Workers of the World and a more conservative member of the Butte Miner's Union. The trick is to make sure the students research and really understand the different perspectives before writing their poems. Here's more information on dialogue poems and some additional examples of how Montana teachers have used them in their classrooms. 

Thursday, April 9, 2026

Contests and Professional Development

 

Make a Meme

It's official, the Montana Meme Contest is BACK in 2026!

Choose and caption any photo from the Montana History Portal for your chance to become the top meme like the one included here from 2025.
DEADLINE: Find photos and submit your entry at https://www.mtmemory.org/pages/memecontest by Wednesday, May 13, 2026. There are three age categories: 
  • 10 to 18 years old.
  • 19-40 years old.
  • 41-120 years old.
This year, teachers can submit student entries work as a group!
SELECTION: On Friday, May 15, 2026, the finalists’ entries will be posted to a collection on the Portal site and opened for voting.
VOTING: The voting period will run from Friday, May 15 – Wednesday, May 20, 2026, at 5:00 p.m. (MST).
The winning memes will be the top two entries in each age group with the most “likes” at the time the voting period ends.

 

Why Play? 

This is an easy way to get students used to looking closely at historic photographs and to get them more comfortable on the portal. Also, it's fun.

Montana Madness

Fort Benton National Historic Landmark won the title of Montana's BEST Best Place in our 2026 Montana Madness competition. Did you play? Did your students? Did a different site win your local contest? If so, please let me know!

A teacher friend of mine who teaches AP U.S. history does a March Madness style competition where she has students select people to compete to be named the Greatest of All Time. Her students debate who should be in the Sweet 16 bracket. She creates ballots using Google Forms and opens voting widely, sending out weekly updates with the new voting link, (I vote every year--and this year's winner was Eleanor Roosevelt) but students are required not only to vote but also to discuss the merits of contenders in Google classroom. She uses it as another form of test review. Something to consider for next year! And if you set up a bracket (for US history or Montana history), I want to play!

Looking for excellent PD? 

Two spots just opened up for the 2026-27 National History Day training cohort. Participants attend the all-expenses-paid workshops in April, August and October 2026 in person, and participate in ongoing virtual trainings. By the end of the program, they will have earned a $1,000 stipend and $500 in classroom materials39 renewal units, and gained access to excellent FREE professional development:

  • Introduction to National History Day (Bozeman, April 24-25, 2026)
  • Historical Thinking through Student Driven Research (Great Falls, August 11-12, 2026)
  • Argumentation, Reasoning, and Evidence: Constructing a Historical Argument (Billings, October 15-16)

Learn more and find a link to apply here. (It says the deadline to apply was January 9, but two people have had to withdraw, so the application portal has been reopened.)

Monday, April 6, 2026

Montana History and Poetry, Part 1

April is National Poetry Month! Here are some poets that are worth teaching in your Montana history class (and/or Montana history-related content to teach in English class).

Investigating Gwendolyn Haste's Poetry

Bill Moe, who teaches middle schoolers Montana history in Libby, often sends me things he does with his students to enrich his Montana history class and supplement the textbook, Montana: Stories of the Land. These include panning for gold in the creek behind their school (Chapter 6: Montana's Gold and Silver Boom) and searching the brand book for people they know and recording their brands (Chapter 8: Livestock and the Open Range).

Most recently, he sent an assignment he created that relates to Chapter 13: Homesteading This Dry Land, specifically to the section at the end of the chapter, which focuses on the poetry of Gwendolyn Haste. He sends his students to an online book, The Selected Poems of Gwendolyn Haste. He asks students to choose a favorite poem, copy it down, and then share it with the class. For extra credit he has them write their own homesteading poem.

Birthright: Born to Poetry

Especially for high school students, you can't go wrong having students read, or listen to, the poems collected in Birthright: Born to Poetry - A Collection of Montana Indian Poetry. You can find videos of the poets, who include Minerva Allen Sunk Pa (Assiniboine), Heather Cahoon (Pend d'Oreille), Richard Little Bear (Northern Cheyenne), Henry Real Bird (Crow), and many more, reading their poems on OPI's YouTube channel. In addition to the poems, Birthright includes brief biographies of each poet, discussion points, writing prompts, and tips for understanding.

Thursday, April 2, 2026

It's the championship!

 

Voting Ends April 5

Two Central Montana powerhouses are squaring off in the Montana Madness championship, each vying to be named Montana’s BEST Best Place: Fort Benton and First Peoples Buffalo Jump.

Fort Benton National Historic Landmark had a relatively easy road through Montana Madness, a tournament created by the Montana Historical Society. Fort Benton dominated the Bearcreek—the site of Montana’s largest coal mining disaster in the Sweet 16—and won handily against Lewis and Clark Caverns in the Elite 8. In the Final Four, it beat the powerhouse Going to the Sun Road by 82 votes.

First Peoples Buffalo Jump started the tournament well, taking out its neighbor, C. M. Russell’s Home and Studio, by almost 300 votes. It dominated Grant Kohrs Ranch in the Elite Eight but barely squeaked out a win over Pictograph Cave in the Final Four. Only nine votes separated the two ancient Indigenous sites.

Now, First Peoples and Fort Benton—both National Historic Landmarks—square off in the championship.

First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park, a communal bison kill site, is one of the oldest and most intact bison jumps in North America. Before acquiring horses in the 1700s, Indigenous peoples living on the northern plains hunted in groups, on foot. They took advantage of the terrain around them—including areas they turned into “buffalo jumps”—to help them harvest the bison on which they depended for survival.

Founded in 1846 as the fur trade transitioned from beaver pelts to buffalo robes, Fort Benton calls itself the Birthplace of Montana. It served as a trading post, military fort, and center for the distribution of Indian annuities. It was also the head of navigation on the Missouri River, where the first steamboat arrived in 1860. Fort Benton remained the region’s unchallenged freighting and transportation hub until transcontinental railroads reached Montana in the early 1880s and ended steamboat travel.

Everyone can participate in choosing the winner of this exciting contest. To cast your ballot, simply visit https://mhs.mt.gov/education/Montana-Madness-2026.

P.S. Did you play Montana Madness (or any variation of March Madness) with your students? How'd it go? Who/what/where's the champion?

Monday, March 30, 2026

Oldies But Goodies

 We are in the process of reviewing all of our PowerPoints and PDFs to make sure they are ADA compliant, which means a couple of things: 

  1. You may encounter links we've broken inadvertently (particularly to PowerPoints). If you do come across a broken link, please let me know ASAP and I'll get you the information and get it fixed. We are trying to be vigilant, but I could use your help catching things.
  2. As I look over our many offerings, I have rediscovered some old favorites I think are worth sharing, particularly as we come to the end of the year. 

For Montana History Classes

Why I like it: It provides a review of Montana history from the early contact period through the 1910s while asking students to think critically about sources and perspective.

  • Women at Work Lesson Plan: Clothesline Timeline. This primary-source based lesson asks students to analyze historic photographs to draw conclusions about women and work from the 1870s through the 2010s. Students will discover that Montana women have always worked, but that discrimination, cultural expectations, and changing technology have influenced the types of work women undertook. (Designed for 4-12)

Why I like it: This lesson is shorter and less in depth than the lesson on Charlie Russell, so it should be easier to fit into your schedule. Like the Charlie Russell lesson, it looks at a wide swath of time (from the 1870s through the 2010s) but does it through the lens of women's opportunities. Also, it's just a load of fun. 

For American History Classes

  • Reader's Theater: Letters Home from Montanans at War (Designed for 7th-12th). This three-to-five period unit asks students to work in groups to read and interpret letters written by soldiers at war, from the Civil War to the Operation Iraqi Freedom. After engaging in close reading and conducting research to interpret the letters, they will perform the letters as reader’s theater.

Why I like it: I like this for an end of year project because it surveys a large period of time, but it looks at it from the angle of the ordinary people who were caught up in world events. It emphasizes the fact that every one of us is shaping history every day.

For Government Classes

Why I like it: Every Montana student should understand our state constitution. Through the link above you can access everything from a multi-day lesson to a 23-minute video. Re that multi-day lesson, The Montana 1972 Constitutional Convention: Even if you don't have time to do the entire thing, you should have your students do Part 2: Analyzing the Preambles, a 50-100 minute exercise comparing the preambles of the 1889 and 1972 constitutions. 

  • Montana Women's Legal History Lesson Plan(Designed for grades 11-12). In this 1-2 period activity, students will examine sample Montana legislation from 1871 to 1991 that particularly affected women's lives to explore the impact laws have on the lives of ordinary people and why laws change.

Why I like it: This is lesson requires students to contextualize legislation while exploring how laws impact the lives of ordinary people. I'd like every graduating senior to understand that government affects their lives and that they can influence government.

  • Women and Sports: Tracking Change Over Time (Designed for grades 4-8) In this lesson, students learn about how Title IX (a federal civil rights law enacted in 1972 that prohibits sex discrimination in education) changed girls’ opportunities to participate in school sports by collecting and analyzing the data to look at change in women’s sports participation over time.

Why I like it: It drives home the fact that legislation affects every one of us. Yes--we designed this for grades 4-8 but it would be easily adaptable to high school.

Stand-alone Projects (for ELA or Social Studies)

  • Ordinary People Do Extraordinary Things! Connecting Biography to Larger Social Themes Lesson Plan (Designed for grades 8-12) This lesson uses essays published on the Montana Women’s History website to help students explore how ordinary people’s lives intersect with larger historical events and trends and to investigate how people’s choices impact their communities. After analyzing two profiles of American Indian women, students are asked to conduct interviews with people in their own community to learn about how that person has chosen to shape the world around him or her.

Why I like it: This lesson focuses on agency, and conveys the idea that, no matter the larger circumstances, we all have agency. Don't have time for an interview project? Simply stop after Part 1.

P.S. We are holding our last Third Tuesday PD on April 21 at 4:30 p.m. It is on teaching with cemeteries, which is another great end of year project. If you are interested in exploring how to harness your local cemetery to engage your students in community study, you can use this link to register for this session.

 

 

Monday, March 23, 2026

Nominate a Rock Star Montana History Teacher

 Do you know a middle or high school (grades 7-12) teacher who does an exemplary job teaching Montana history?

Please nominate them for the 37th Montana Statehood Centennial Bell Award by completing this very simple form, which will take less than two minutes to complete. Nominations are due April 13.

Nominated teachers will be asked to submit two one-page letters of support, one from their principal, superintendent, fellow teacher or librarian and one from a student. They will also be asked to submit one to two pages detailing why they enjoy teaching Montana, how they engage their students in learning, how their Montana history course recognizes cultural diversity and anything else they’d like to share about their class or methods.

Nominees will receive instructions on how to submit this material. Deadline for submissions is May 10, 2026.

The winner will receive the 37th Montana Statehood Centennial Bell Award, which honors the Montana History Teacher of the Year. They and their class will be honored at a ceremony in the State Capitol on Friday, November 9, 2026. The Teacher of the Year will also receive a cash prize of more than $3,000 to put toward classroom materials, field trips, speakers, and anything else that will enhance learning in their classroom.

This program, initially created by Montana television newscaster Norma Ashby, is sponsored by the Montana Historical Society with financial support from the Montana Television Network, the Sons & Daughters of Montana Pioneers, the Virginia City Preservation Alliance, and the 1889 Coffee House.

Good Reads and Gallery of Outstanding Montanans

 

Interesting Articles from the Montana Free Press

Do you subscribe to the Montana Free Press? I've recommended it before and I'm recommending it again. Here are a few of the fascinating articles they've published recently. 

Interesting Reads from Beyond Our Borders

My brother lives in Seattle and often sends me articles that relate to Montana. Most recently it was this article in the Seattle Times: "Calling It Quits In Coal Country: New Rules Force a Town with Washington Ties to Go Its Own Way."

Nominate Someone for the Gallery of Outstanding Montanans

The Gallery of Outstanding Montanans was established by the State Legislature in 1979 to pay homage to citizens of the Treasure State who made contributions of state or national significance to their selected fields of endeavor while epitomizing the unique spirit and character that defines Montana. Inductees into Montana’s hall of fame are rotated into the gallery on a biennial basis; each is honored for an eight-year period. This program is managed by the Montana Historical Society. 

Every ten years, the Montana Historical Society puts out a statewide call for nominees--and this is the year! Consider having your class nominate a local hero. Learn about current and former inductees and find a link to submit a nomination. Nominations are due by 11:59 p.m., Sunday, May 3, 2026.

Monday, March 16, 2026

Share what you know!

The 2026 MFPE Educator Conference will be held in Great Falls, October 15-16 and the Montana Council for Social Studies is looking for presenters! (I bet other curriculum groups are looking for presenters as well.)

This year's conference is hybrid, so even if you can't make it to Great Falls, if you have information, strategies, lessons, or resources that you think other teachers could learn from, I hope you'll put in a proposal. I've talked to a lot of great, inspiring teachers who were anxious about presenting to adults and I'll tell you what I told them: Be brave!  

The deadline to submit an application to present at the is APRIL 30! 

Will you help make the social studies strands as strong as they can possibly be by sharing your strategies, knowledge or best lessons? Click here to submit your proposal.

Thursday, March 12, 2026

March PDs

Social Studies Tuesday

Join MTHS Teacher leaders in History on March 17 from 4:30-5:30 p.m. for a discussion on Engaging Students in Community Study

Why is it important to engage students in documenting and studying local history? What are some easy ways to get students thinking about their own lives, families, and neighbors as part of history? Learn about projects, strategies, and resources you can use to have your students research close to home. Register for this session.

IEFA Best Practices Conference

There's still time to register for 2026 IEFA Best Practices, which will be held in East Helena on March 23 – 24. This year's conference theme is "We Are All Related: Planting the Seeds of Knowledge, Growing our Montana Story," which emphasizes the vital connection between culturally responsive education and building strong community relationships.

Prepare for two days of engaging sessions, hands-on workshops, and inspiring keynotes designed to provide you with practical, authentic strategies for embedding the Essential Understandings Regarding Montana Indians across all grade levels and content areas. Come learn, share, and collaborate as we collectively work to ensure every student fully knows the history and identity of our state.

Highlights include a two-hour IEFA experience in the Montana Heritage Center's Homeland exhibit, an evening of Indigenous musicians and comedians, and keynotes by Dr. Shane Doyle (Crow) and Watson Whitford (hippewa Cree and Navajo). Use this link for Best Practices 2026 Registration.

P.S. Have you voted in Montana Madness today?  

Monday, March 2, 2026

Montana's Constitution

 

Bring a Virtual Guest Speaker into Your Class for Montana Constitution Day

On March 22, 1972, all 100 delegates to the Montana Constitutional Convention signed a new constitution for the State of Montana. And just as we celebrate Constitution Day in the U.S. on September 17 to commemorate the September 17, 1787, signing of the United States Constitution, the Friends of the Montana Constitution are calling on Montanans to commemorate our State Constitution every year on March 22 – Montana Constitution Day!

Because March 22 falls on a Sunday this year, they've moved their programming to Friday, March 20, when they will host a livestreamed lecture by the Honorable Anthony Johnstone, Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, wo will present “The Montana Constitution in Time” with an introduction from Montana Supreme Court Chief Justice Cory Swanson.

Judge Johnstone’s presentation considers the development of the Montana Constitution over time in relation to the 1889 Montana Constitution, the U.S. Constitution, and other state and national constitutions. Your class is invited to tune in online via Zoom at 10:30 a.m., March 20:  https://mt-gov.zoom.us/j/89140933494

Resources to Teach about the Montana Constitution

MTHS has a number of resources to help teach about the Montana Constitution, including lesson plans, a chapter dedicated to its creation in Montana: Stories of the Land, and a 23-minute video with discussion questions. You can find links to all of these resources here. 

Not Everyone Is a Fan of Montana's Constitution

I was interested to see this article in the Montana Free Press, talking about a meeting held by Mountain States Policy Center to discuss rewriting the constitution. Voters weigh in on whether to call a new constitutional convention every 20 years. The issue will next appear on the ballot in 2030. 

What Do You (and More Importantly, Your Students) Think?

Montana's 1972 Constitution is relatively short and easy to read. It's also relatively easy to amend. I wonder if, after reading it, your students would support calling for a constitutional convention to rewrite the entire document, passing amendments to change portions of it, or if they think our founding document is fine the way it is.  

Thursday, February 26, 2026

Women's History Month Is Just around the Corner:

Webinar on Indigenous Women

Attend the OPI IEFA webinar on March 3rd at 4:00 p.m. where we will be sharing IEFA resources to support instruction about Indigenous women. Educators can receive one renewal unit for attending the webinar. 

Zoom link:  https://mt-gov.zoom.us/j/88561388687?pwd=pyP4AX3RQlPiY1y1v3257utTIkbLS2.1 

Resources from MTHS

MTHS has several lesson plans and other resources on focused on women's history.

Here are a few of my favorites: 

  • Montana Women at Work: Clothesline Timeline Lesson Plan (Designed for grades 4-12) This primary-source based lesson asks students to analyze historic photographs to draw conclusions about women and work from the 1870s through the 2010s. Students will discover that Montana women have always worked, but that discrimination, cultural expectations, and changing technology have influenced the types of work women undertook. 
  • Women and Sports: Tracking Change Over Time (Designed for grades 4-8) In this lesson aligned to both Common Core ELA and Math standards, students learn about how Title IX (a federal civil rights law enacted in 1972 that prohibits sex discrimination in education) changed girls’ opportunities to participate in school sports by collecting and analyzing the data to look at change in women’s sports participation over time.
  • Ordinary People Do Extraordinary Things! Connecting Biography to Larger Social Themes Lesson Plan (Designed for grades 8-12) This lesson uses essays published on the Montana Women’s History website to help students explore how ordinary people’s lives intersect with larger historical events and trends and to investigate how people’s choices impact their communities. After analyzing two essays on American Indian women from the Montana Women’s History website, students are asked to conduct interviews with people in their own community to learn about how that person has chosen to shape the world around him or her.
  • Girl from the Gulches: The Story of Mary Ronan Study Guide (Designed for students 6-10). This study guide includes everything you need to teach Girl from the Gulches: The Story of Mary Ronan. Set in the second half of the nineteenth century, this highly readable 222-page memoir details Mary Sheehan Ronan’s journey across the Great Plains, her childhood on the Colorado and Montana mining frontiers, her ascent to young womanhood in Southern California, her return to Montana as a young bride, and her life on the Flathead Indian Reservation as the wife of an Indian agent. Book One, which provides a child’s-eye view of the mining frontier, is available to download as a PDF (Lexile Level 1180L). Classroom sets of Girl from the Gulches can be purchased from the Montana Historical Society Store by calling (406)-444-2890.

And of course, check out Montana Women's History Website for short essays, PDFs of journal articles and other materials.

P.S. Space is still available for those who want to attend the March 16-17 in-person PD in Dickinson, North Dakota, on Evaluating Student Argumentation in Historical Research. Travel stipends and renewal units provided. Learn more and find link to apply.  

Monday, February 23, 2026

Play Montana Madness

 Back in 2018, the Montana Historical Society ran a competition, inspired by March Madness, to name Montana's Most Awesome Object. The winner, beating out Charlie Russell's masterpiece When the Land Belonged to God, was the Smith Mine Disaster Board--a board on which coal miner Emil Anderson wrote his final note to his family during the 1943 Smith Mine Disaster. 

That competition was exciting that we decided to do it again, this time with historic places featured in the 2025 Montana Historical Society Press book, A History of Montana in 101 Places: Sites and Stories from the Montana Historical Society.  

At our history conference last September, attendees narrowed the field down, choosing two different properties to represent each of Montana's six tourism regions. The commissioners then chose places to fill four "wildcard" spots to create the Sweet Sixteen. The result is a fabulous array of historic places from across Montana.

How This Game Will Work

People will vote for the places they think are the most worthy, and the winner of each matchup will advance in the competition from the Sweet Sixteen, to the Elite Eight, to the Final Four, and finally to the Championship. 

  • Sweet 16 begins March 9.
  • Elite 8 begins March 16.
  • Final 4 begins March 23.
  • Championship begins March 30.
  • Winner announced April 6

Voting will open March 9, but I figured you'd want some notice if you were planning on having your students play.

Curious about the competitors? Visit the Montana Madness 2026 website or see below. Then make sure to vote--and encourage others to vote--beginning on March 9!

1st Seed: Three Forks of the Missouri, Gallatin CountyPanoramic photo of the Three Forks of the Missouri River in Gallatin County, Montana
Along major intertribal trade and travel routes, the headwaters of the Missouri was a confluence of people as well as rivers, where generations of Native peoples and later, early explorers and trappers, camped. On July 27, 1805, Meriwether Lewis climbed the limestone cliff overlooking the Three Forks of the Missouri. Noting the lofty mountains and sweeping plains, Lewis realized that the panorama below him represented “an essential point in the geography” of the West.

2nd Seed: Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Glacier County
Photograph of the Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park, Glacier County, MontanaGlacier National Park’s fifty-mile-long Going-to-the-Sun Road is known for its breathtaking views. Congress appropriated the first funds to build the “Transmountain Highway” in 1921. Constructing a road over such mountainous terrain presented a variety of unique challenges including sheer cliffs, a short construction season, and sixty-foot snow drifts. More than ten years later the first automobile crossed the park’s new Transmountain Highway in October 1932.

3rd Seed: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument/Battle of Greasy Grass, Big Horn County
Photograph of the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument in Big Horn Conty, MontanaIn 1876–1877, the US military targeted the Lakota (Sioux), TsetsÄ—hesÄ—stȧhase naa Suhtaio (Northern Cheyenne), and Hinono'ei (Arapaho), who remained on unceded hunting grounds rather than moving to reservations. The tribes fought back, most famously winning a battle at Little Bighorn against Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his troops on June 25–26, 1876. Custer’s name became a rallying cry for those seeking to avenge the rout.

4th Seed: Fort Benton National Historic Landmark, Choteau CountyPhotograph of the 'Shep' statue in the foreground with the Grand Union Hotel in the background in Fort Benton, Montana
Founded in 1846 as the fur trade transitioned from beaver pelts to buffalo robes, Fort Benton served as a trading post, military fort, and center for the distribution of Indian annuities. It was also the head of navigation on the Missouri River, where the first steamboat arrived in 1860. Fort Benton remained the region’s unchallenged freighting and transportation hub until transcontinental railroads reached Montana in the early 1880s and ended steamboat travel.

5th Seed: Fort Peck Dam, Valley and McCone CountiesPhotogragh of the towers at Fort Peck Dam, Valley and McCone Counties, Montana
At two-hundred-and-fifty feet high and four miles long, Fort Peck is the largest hydraulically filled dam in the United States. Its construction brought much needed work to tens of thousands of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression, and it continues to provide essential flood control, improved navigation, hydroelectric power, water-quality management, and recreational resources for the Upper Missouri River region.

6th Seed: Bannack State Park, Beaverhead County
Photograph of three buildings, including a hotel, at Bannack State Park, Beaverhead County, MontanaHopeful miners flocked to Grasshopper Creek in 1862, and Bannack, Montana’s first boom town, sprang to life. Briefly named Montana’s territorial capital, Bannack became a near ghost town after gold was discovered at Virginia City. Quartz mining rebounded in the 1870s, and Bannack served as the Beaverhead County seat until 1881. In 1954, the State of Montana acquired most of the town and it became a state park.

7th Seed: First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park, Ulm, Cascade CountyPhotograph of First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park, Ulm, Cascade County, Montana in the foreground with a view of Square Butte in the background
One of the oldest and most intact bison jumps in North America, the National Historic Landmark First Peoples Buffalo Jump exemplifies a communal bison kill site. Before acquiring horses in the 1700s, Indigenous peoples living on the northern plains hunted in groups, on foot. They took advantage of the terrain around them—including areas they turned into “buffalo jumps”—to help them harvest the bison on which they depended for survival.

8th Seed: Anselmo Mine, Butte, Silver Bow CountyImage of the Anselmo Mine headframe in Butte, Silver Bow County, Montana
The most intact mine yard left on the Butte Hill, the Anselmo embodies the complexity of extracting ore from deep underground. A small silver mine in 1887, it grew into a two-hundred-man operation focused on copper, zinc, and silver in the 1920s. The Anaconda Company acquired full control over the mine in 1926 and employed up to eight-hundred people in the yard and underground workings, some as far down as 4,301 feet.

9th Seed: Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Deer Lodge CountyExterior view of the ranch house at Grant-Kohrs Ranch in Deer Lodge County, Montana
Johnny Grant, a French-Canadian Métis, established the ranch, trailing the first cattle into the Deer Lodge Valley in 1857. German butcher Conrad Kohrs purchased the ranch in 1866. He and his half-brother John Bielenberg ultimately built a huge stock-raising operation. Now a national park, the ranch is a “virtual time machine to America's western cattle ranching heritage, spanning the end of the fur trade through modern, mechanized feedlot operations.”

10th Seed: Charles M. Russell Home and Studio, Great Falls, Cascade County
Interior view of Charles M. Russell Home and Studio in Great Falls in Cascade County, MontanaCharlie Russell, Montana’s most beloved artist, and his wife Nancy built their modest frame house in Great Falls in 1900. Three years later, they constructed Charlie’s log studio. Nancy noted that Charlie “loved that . . . building more than any other place on earth and never finished a painting anywhere else.”

11th Seed: CSKT Bison Range, Flathead ReservationClose-up view of a bison at CSKT Bison Range in Montana on the Flathead Reservation
A Ql̓ispé (Pend d’Oreille) man brought six buffalo calves onto the Flathead Reservation in the 1870s. The herd grew to around eight hundred head. However, in 1908, U.S. government policies forced the roundup and sale of the bison. Then the federal government took 18,766 acres of the Flathead Reservation to create the National Bison Range, purchasing some of the same buffalo to populate the preserve. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes now manage the Bison Range.

12th Seed: Pictograph Cave State Park, Billings, Yellowstone County
Postcard image of the Indian Caves near Billings, MontanaPictograph, Middle, and Ghost Caves are exceptional for the rare preservation of perishable items and for their stunning art. Early inhabitants painted more than one hundred images on the walls, including one more than two-thousand years old. Artifacts offer evidence of the extensive Indigenous trade network. They include the fragment of a 1,370-year-old coiled basket, which resembles those made in the Great Basin, and a thong necklace strung with Pacific shell beads.

13th Seed: Bearcreek, Carbon CountyPhotograph of the entrance to the Smith Mine at Bearcreek in Carbon County, Montana
A coal-mining town settled by immigrants from across Europe, Bearcreek prospered from 1905 to 1943. Then, on February 27, 1943, the mine’s inadequate ventilation, a lack of rock-dusting equipment to control coal dust, and open-flame carbide headlamps proved deadly. After methane gas exploded in the Smith Mine shaft number 3, seventy-four miners (and later, one rescuer) died in Montana’s worst coal mining disaster, and Bearcreek became a near ghost town.

14th Seed: Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park, Jefferson County
Photograph of the visitors center Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park in Jefferson County, MontanaLewis and Clark Caverns, one of the largest and most remarkable caves in the Northern Rockies, became Montana’s first state park in 1937. Members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)—a Depression era jobs program—developed into the site we know today. The CCC cleaned and surveyed the caves, blasted a 538-foot exit tunnel, installed electric lighting, and built an access road, a Rustic-style headquarters building, a visitors’ center, and a stone latrine.

15th Seed: Medicine Rocks State Park, Carter CountyPhotograph of Medicine Rocks State Park in Carter County, Montana
Traveling through southeastern Montana in 1883, young rancher and future US president Theodore Roosevelt was struck by the rock formations, calling the area “as fantastically beautiful a place as I have ever seen.” The sandstone formations display pictographs created by the area’s Indigenous peoples, depicting shield-bearing warriors, “v-necked” humans, and animals. Euro-American settlers also left their mark, carving their names and dates into the rocks.

16th Seed: Daniels County Courthouse, Scobey
Phtograph of the Daniels County Courthouse in Scobey, MontanaWhen the first train arrived in Scobey, the two-story, Western False Front–style Commercial Hotel—today the south half of the courthouse—was the new townsite’s largest building. After 1915, gambling, dog fighting, drinking, and prostitution became central to the hotel’s business model. In 1920, county officials purchased the hotel for use as a courthouse. It is Montana’s last functioning false-front courthouse and perhaps the only bordello converted to government use.

Thursday, February 19, 2026

Seal of Civic Literacy

  With the help of the Montana 250th Commission, the Montana Office of Public Instruction has created a Seal of Civics Literacy to recognize students who demonstrate strong knowledge of civics and active engagement in their communities, reflecting Montana’s commitment to meaningful civics education. Applications to receive the Seal of Civics Literacy are due to OPI by May 1, 2026. 

To earn the Seal students must: 

  • complete the OPI's version of the U.S. Naturalization (USCIS) test with a score of 80% or higher.
  • complete the required .5 credits of Civics courses during high school as approved by the Board of Public Education.
  • EITHER perform 40 hours of community service OR perform 20 hours of community service while also passing the Montana Challenge test created by the Montana Historical Society and the Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers.

Students will need to register for the program (or a teacher can register an entire class), after which links will be sent to take the tests.

Information on how to register, program requirements, and a link to submit application material can all be found on OPI's Seal of Civic Literacy website.

Study Guides

Passing the US Naturalization Test and the Montana Challenge will require study.

The Gilder Lehrman Institute has a lot of study material available for the US Naturalization Test. The US Citizenship and Immigration Services--who administers the test to immigrants wishing to become citizens--also has study materials, but they are less easy to use. 

study guide for the Montana Challenge can be found here, and Eureka teacher Jennifer Hall created two Kahoots to help students prepare for the test: Montana Challenge Part 1 and Montana Challenge Part 2.

On Another Note Entirely....

There's still space available in the "Evaluating Student Argumentation in Historical Research Educators Workshop." Not only is the workshop free, but travel stipends will be awarded! The two-day workshop is intended for grades 6-12 social studies educators in North Dakota and Montana. Educators will learn about strategies for primary source analysis and historical interpretation in student-led research and how to evaluate these works. 

These workshops are a collaboration between Montana Historical Society and the State Historical Society of North Dakota. These workshops are sponsored in part by the Library of Congress Teaching with Primary Sources Great Plains Region, coordinated by the National Council for History Education.

Date: March 16 and 17, 8 a.m.-4 p.m.
Location: Dickinson State University

Montana educators will receive 16 Office of Public Instruction renewal units.

Applications are due by March 1. Apply.